Following are all the stripped like words, in the list below.
MINIMUM
100% like stripped
MINIMAL
99.98% like stripped
BARE
99.81% like stripped
STRIPPED-DOWN
99.78% like stripped
EMPTY
99.76% like stripped
UNCLOTHED
99.72% like stripped
STRIPED
66.93% like stripped
BONED
66.91% like stripped
SKINNED
66.9% like stripped
PEELED
66.88% like stripped
AMPUTATED
66.85% like stripped
DENUDED
66.85% like stripped
RIPPED
66.82% like stripped
FALLEN
66.73% like stripped
DECAYED
66.71% like stripped
ABDUCTED
66.67% like stripped
KIDNAPPED
66.67% like stripped
RELIEVED
66.63% like stripped
REMOVED
66.63% like stripped
DEGRADED
66.61% like stripped
UPSET
66.6% like stripped
LOST
66.59% like stripped
CLOSED
66.58% like stripped
PRIVATE
66.55% like stripped
WITHDRAWN
66.54% like stripped
DEPRIVED
66.48% like stripped
DEPRECATED
66.48% like stripped
DISPOSSESSED
66.45% like stripped
UNDRESSED
66.34% like stripped
UNDONE
66.04% like stripped
ABOLISHED
33.55% like stripped
CONFISCATED
33.55% like stripped
COUNTED
33.55% like stripped
DELETED
33.55% like stripped
DEMOTED
33.55% like stripped
DENIED
33.55% like stripped
DEPOSED
33.55% like stripped
DISASSEMBLED
33.55% like stripped
DISMANTLED
33.55% like stripped
DISMISSED
33.55% like stripped
ELIMINATED
33.55% like stripped
FORFEITED
33.55% like stripped
LOOSED
33.55% like stripped
PLUNDERED
33.55% like stripped
REVOKED
33.55% like stripped
ROBBED
33.55% like stripped
DIVESTED
33.55% like stripped
TRASHED
33.55% like stripped
REPLACED
33.55% like stripped
UNSTRIPPED
33.55% like stripped
YANKED
33.55% like stripped
JETTISONED
33.55% like stripped
SCRAPED
33.55% like stripped
USURPED
33.55% like stripped
RELINQUISHED
33.55% like stripped
RETAINED
33.55% like stripped
SWAPPED
33.55% like stripped
DISCARDED
33.55% like stripped
WASHED
33.55% like stripped
DUMPED
33.55% like stripped
DITCHED
33.55% like stripped
SCRUBBED
33.55% like stripped
GUTTED
33.55% like stripped
DISROBED
33.55% like stripped
SNATCHED
33.55% like stripped
PULLED
33.55% like stripped
EVISCERATED
33.55% like stripped
HAULED
33.55% like stripped
SCRAPPED
33.55% like stripped
CHUCKED
33.55% like stripped
SURRENDERED
33.55% like stripped
SEIZED
33.55% like stripped
SOAKED
33.55% like stripped
DROPPED
33.55% like stripped
REASSEMBLED
33.55% like stripped
CLEANED
33.55% like stripped
WRESTED
33.55% like stripped
BLASTED
33.55% like stripped
REWORKED
33.55% like stripped
DESPOILED
33.55% like stripped
MANHANDLED
33.55% like stripped
SHREDDED
33.55% like stripped
TRIMMED
33.55% like stripped
THRASHED
33.55% like stripped
EXTRACTED
33.55% like stripped
DRAGGED
33.55% like stripped
JACKED
33.55% like stripped
WRENCHED
33.55% like stripped
SUBSUMED
33.55% like stripped
BOLTED
33.55% like stripped
PLUCKED
33.55% like stripped
FLAUNTED
33.55% like stripped
SHORN
33.55% like stripped
OVERHAULED
33.55% like stripped
JUNKED
33.55% like stripped
DESTROYED
33.55% like stripped
IMBUED
33.55% like stripped
ADORNED
33.55% like stripped
LIFTED
33.55% like stripped
TOSSED
33.55% like stripped
